?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??! ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? . ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??

?? ???? ?????? , ??? ??????? ?? {?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? . ??? ?????: ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???/??? /????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????/???????/?????? ??????? ??/?????/?????? ????? ?????/????/????

??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. In 1829, Mahmud issued new rules mandating use on the fez by all civil and spiritual officers. The intention was to switch the turb

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